- letter/sound identification
- making and breaking words
- identifying beginning, medial and ending sounds and their corresponding letter patterns
- applying phonetic principles in the context of sentences, stories, and other forms of text
- word-sorting activities
- sound cueing
- counting and identifying syllables
- reading strategies using graphophonic (visual), semantic (meaning), and syntactic (structural) cues to identify unknown words
- tricky-word strategy
- self-correction and self-monitoring strategies